/* ==========================================================================
   Journal website — public styles
   1. Colour schemes (sub-themes)   2. Base   3. Shared content
   4. Menus   5–9. Layouts   10. Small screens
   ========================================================================== */

/* 1. Colour schemes ------------------------------------------------------ */
:root,
/* --acc is for lines and decoration; --acc-ink is the same hue dark enough for text and button backgrounds */
[data-scheme="navy"]     { --pri:#1f3a5f; --pri-d:#14263f; --pri-l:#e9eef5; --acc:#b8862b; --acc-ink:#8a6416; --acc-l:#f6efe1; }
[data-scheme="teal"]     { --pri:#0e5c63; --pri-d:#093e43; --pri-l:#e3f0f0; --acc:#c9772b; --acc-ink:#a1561a; --acc-l:#f8ece0; }
[data-scheme="maroon"]   { --pri:#7a1e2c; --pri-d:#55131e; --pri-l:#f6e9eb; --acc:#3d6b8c; --acc-ink:#335d7b; --acc-l:#e6eef4; }
[data-scheme="forest"]   { --pri:#2f5233; --pri-d:#1f3822; --pri-l:#e9f0e8; --acc:#a8742a; --acc-ink:#80561a; --acc-l:#f5ecdf; }
[data-scheme="indigo"]   { --pri:#3b3b8f; --pri-d:#28286a; --pri-l:#ececf8; --acc:#2e8b88; --acc-ink:#226e6b; --acc-l:#e1f2f1; }
[data-scheme="graphite"] { --pri:#2e3440; --pri-d:#1d2129; --pri-l:#eceef2; --acc:#4c7ea8; --acc-ink:#3c6890; --acc-l:#e5eef6; }
:root {
  --ink:#1c2128; --muted:#5b6470; --line:#d8dde3; --bg:#f4f5f7; --surface:#fff;
  --radius:4px; --measure:68ch;
}

/* 2. Base ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; }
[hidden] { display: none !important; }
html { -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; }
body { margin: 0; color: var(--ink); background: var(--bg); font: 17px/1.65 var(--font-body); }
img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; }
a { color: var(--pri); text-underline-offset: .18em; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; }
a:hover { color: var(--pri-d); text-decoration-thickness: 2px; }
:focus-visible { outline: 3px solid var(--acc); outline-offset: 2px; }
h1, h2, h3, h4 { font-family: var(--font-head, var(--font-body)); line-height: 1.2; color: var(--ink); text-wrap: balance; }
::selection { background: var(--pri-l); color: var(--pri-d); }
.wrap { max-width: 1200px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1.25rem; }
.visually-hidden { position: absolute !important; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0 0 0 0); white-space: nowrap; }
.skip-link { position: absolute; left: -9999px; top: .5rem; z-index: 200; background: var(--surface); color: var(--pri); padding: .6rem 1rem; }
.skip-link:focus { left: .5rem; }
.js-only { display: none; }
.has-js .js-only { display: inline-flex; }
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { * { transition: none !important; animation: none !important; scroll-behavior: auto !important; } }

/* 3. Shared content ------------------------------------------------------- */
.btn {
  display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: .4em; padding: .55em 1.1em;
  background: var(--pri); color: #fff; border: 1px solid var(--pri); border-radius: var(--radius);
  font: 600 .92rem/1.2 var(--font-ui, var(--font-body)); text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer;
}
.btn:hover { background: var(--pri-d); border-color: var(--pri-d); color: #fff; text-decoration: none; }
.btn-outline { background: transparent; color: var(--pri); }
.btn-outline:hover { background: var(--pri-l); color: var(--pri-d); }
.btn-sm { padding: .35em .8em; font-size: .82rem; }
.btn-note { font-weight: 400; opacity: .75; }

.prose { max-width: var(--measure); overflow-wrap: break-word; }
.prose p, .art-authors { text-wrap: pretty; }
.prose > :first-child { margin-top: 0; }
.prose > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
.prose h2 { font-size: 1.35rem; margin: 1.8em 0 .5em; }
.prose h3 { font-size: 1.12rem; margin: 1.5em 0 .4em; }
.prose ul, .prose ol { padding-left: 1.3em; }
.prose li + li { margin-top: .3em; }
.prose blockquote { margin: 1.2em 0; padding: .2em 0 .2em 1.1em; border-left: 3px solid var(--acc); color: var(--muted); }
.prose table { border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: .95rem; }
.prose th, .prose td { border: 1px solid var(--line); padding: .45em .7em; text-align: left; }
.prose img { border-radius: 2px; }
.prose iframe, .prose video { max-width: 100%; border: 0; }
.issue-count { color: var(--muted); font-size: .95rem; margin: .3rem 0 0; }

.page-head { margin-bottom: 1.6rem; }
.page-title { font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 3vw, 2.15rem); margin: 0; }
.lead { font-size: 1.1rem; color: var(--muted); max-width: var(--measure); }
.empty { color: var(--muted); font-style: italic; }
.breadcrumb { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: .45rem; font-size: .88rem; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 1.2rem; }
.breadcrumb a { color: var(--muted); }

.section-head { display: flex; align-items: baseline; justify-content: space-between; gap: 1rem; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--pri); padding-bottom: .4rem; margin-bottom: .6rem; }
.section-title { font-size: 1.3rem; margin: 0; }
.section-link { font-size: .9rem; }
.issue-strap { margin: .2rem 0 .1rem; font-weight: 600; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: .3rem 1rem; }
.issue-period { color: var(--muted); font-weight: 400; }
.issue-theme { margin: 0 0 1rem; font-style: italic; color: var(--muted); }
.toc-title { margin: 2rem 0 .5rem; padding-bottom: .4rem; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--pri); }
.home-intro { margin-bottom: 2.4rem; }
.home-summary { font-size: 1.05rem; }

/* Article list (table of contents) */
.art-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.art-item { padding: 1.25rem 0 1.3rem; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.art-type { margin: 0 0 .25rem; font-size: .82rem; font-weight: 600; color: var(--acc-ink); letter-spacing: .02em; }
.art-title { font-size: 1.14rem; margin: 0 0 .35rem; line-height: 1.35; }
.art-title a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.art-title a:hover { color: var(--pri); text-decoration: underline; }
.art-authors { margin: 0 0 .3rem; color: var(--muted); font-size: .95rem; }
.art-meta { margin: 0 0 .6rem; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: .2rem 1.2rem; font-size: .86rem; color: var(--muted); }
.art-meta a { color: var(--muted); }
.art-actions { margin: 0; display: flex; gap: .5rem; }

/* Single article */
.notice { padding: .8rem 1rem; margin-bottom: 1.4rem; background: var(--pri-l); border-left: 4px solid var(--pri); font-size: .95rem; }
.notice-warn { background: #fdf3dc; border-left-color: #c08a00; }
.article-head { margin-bottom: 1.4rem; }
.article-title { font-size: clamp(1.55rem, 3vw, 2.2rem); margin: .1rem 0 1rem; line-height: 1.22; }
.author-list { list-style: none; margin: 0 0 .5rem; padding: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: .2rem 1.1rem; font-size: 1.05rem; }
.author-name { font-weight: 600; }
.author-list sup { color: var(--pri); font-weight: 600; margin-left: 1px; }
.corr-mark { color: var(--acc-ink) !important; }
.orcid { display: inline-block; margin-left: .3rem; padding: 0 .35rem; font: 600 .66rem/1.6 system-ui, sans-serif; color: #fff; background: #5a8a1f; border-radius: 3px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: 2px; }
.orcid:hover { color: #fff; background: #44700f; }
.aff-list { list-style: none; margin: 0 0 .5rem; padding: 0; font-size: .9rem; color: var(--muted); }
.aff-list sup { margin-right: .25rem; color: var(--pri); }
.corr-line { margin: .3rem 0 0; font-size: .9rem; color: var(--muted); }
.article-actions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: .6rem; margin: 0 0 1.4rem; }
.article-meta { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(150px, 1fr)); gap: .8rem 1.5rem; margin: 0 0 2rem; padding: 1rem 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.article-meta dt { font-size: .8rem; color: var(--muted); }
.article-meta dd { margin: .1rem 0 0; font-weight: 600; font-size: .95rem; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
.article-meta .meta-doi { grid-column: span 2; }
.article-section { margin-bottom: 2rem; }
.article-section h2 { font-size: 1.2rem; margin: 0 0 .6rem; }
.abstract .prose { text-align: justify; hyphens: auto; }
.chips { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: .45rem; }
.chips a { display: inline-block; padding: .2rem .7rem; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 999px; font-size: .88rem; color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; background: var(--surface); }
.chips a:hover { border-color: var(--pri); color: var(--pri); }
.article-pager { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1rem; margin: 2.5rem 0 1rem; padding-top: 1.5rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.pager-link { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: .25rem; padding: .9rem 1.1rem; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: var(--radius); background: var(--surface); color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.pager-link:hover { border-color: var(--pri); color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.pager-next { grid-column: 2; text-align: right; }
.pager-dir { font-size: .8rem; font-weight: 600; color: var(--pri); }
.pager-title { font-size: .95rem; line-height: 1.4; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; }
.back-to-issue { margin: 0; font-size: .92rem; }

/* Archives */
.archive-vol { margin-bottom: 2.2rem; }
.archive-vol-title { font-size: 1.35rem; margin: 0 0 .2rem; }
.archive-year { color: var(--muted); font-weight: 400; }
.archive-vol-sub { margin: 0 0 .6rem; color: var(--muted); }
.issue-grid { list-style: none; margin: .8rem 0 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(190px, 1fr)); gap: .8rem; }
.issue-tile { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: .1rem; height: 100%; padding: .9rem 1rem; background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--line); border-top: 3px solid var(--pri); color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.issue-tile:hover { border-color: var(--pri); text-decoration: none; }
.issue-tile-num { font-weight: 700; font-size: 1.05rem; color: var(--pri); }
.issue-tile-title { font-style: italic; font-size: .9rem; }
.issue-tile-period, .issue-tile-count { font-size: .85rem; color: var(--muted); }

/* Search, pagination */
.search-form { display: flex; max-width: 100%; }
.search-form input { flex: 1; min-width: 0; padding: .55rem .75rem; font: inherit; font-size: .92rem; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-right: 0; border-radius: var(--radius) 0 0 var(--radius); background: var(--surface); color: var(--ink); }
.search-form button { padding: .55rem .9rem; font: 600 .88rem/1 var(--font-ui, var(--font-body)); border: 1px solid var(--pri); background: var(--pri); color: #fff; border-radius: 0 var(--radius) var(--radius) 0; cursor: pointer; }
.page-search { max-width: 560px; margin-bottom: 1.2rem; }
.result-count { color: var(--muted); }
.pagination ul { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 2rem 0 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: .35rem; }
.pagination a, .pagination span { display: block; min-width: 2.3rem; padding: .35rem .65rem; text-align: center; border: 1px solid var(--line); text-decoration: none; background: var(--surface); }
.pagination [aria-current] { background: var(--pri); color: #fff; border-color: var(--pri); }
.pagination .gap { padding: .35rem .2rem; border: 0; }

/* Sidebar blocks (base) */
.widget { margin-bottom: 1.5rem; }
.widget-title { font-size: 1rem; margin: 0 0 .6rem; }
.widget-body { font-size: .93rem; line-height: 1.55; }
.widget-body img { display: block; margin: .4rem 0; }
.widget-image { display: block; margin-bottom: .6rem; }

/* Footer (base) */
.footer-content { margin-bottom: 1.2rem; }
.footer-bottom { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between; gap: .5rem 2rem; font-size: .85rem; }
.footer-bottom p { margin: 0; }
.issn-line { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: .1rem 1.2rem; margin: 0; }
.issn-label { opacity: .8; }

/* 4. Menus ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
.menu, .menu ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.menu a, .menu .sub-toggle { font: inherit; text-decoration: none; }
.sub-toggle { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: .4rem; background: none; border: 0; cursor: pointer; color: inherit; }
.caret { width: .45em; height: .45em; border-right: 2px solid currentColor; border-bottom: 2px solid currentColor; transform: rotate(45deg) translateY(-2px); opacity: .7; }
.open > .sub-toggle .caret { transform: rotate(-135deg) translateY(-1px); }
.nav-toggle { display: none; align-items: center; gap: .5rem; background: none; border: 0; padding: .7rem 0; font: 600 .95rem/1 var(--font-ui, var(--font-body)); color: inherit; cursor: pointer; }
.burger, .burger::before, .burger::after { display: block; width: 18px; height: 2px; background: currentColor; position: relative; }
.burger::before, .burger::after { content: ""; position: absolute; left: 0; }
.burger::before { top: -6px; } .burger::after { top: 6px; }

/* Horizontal menus: dropdown panels */
.hmenu { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; }
.hmenu > li { position: relative; }
.hmenu .sub { display: none; position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 0; min-width: 230px; width: max-content; max-width: 340px; z-index: 60; background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--line); box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(16, 24, 40, .12); padding: .35rem 0; }
.hmenu .sub a { display: block; padding: .55rem 1rem; color: var(--ink); font-size: .93rem; }
.hmenu .sub a:hover, .hmenu .sub .active > a { background: var(--pri-l); color: var(--pri-d); }
.hmenu .open > .sub { display: block; }
@media (hover: hover) and (min-width: 901px) {
  .hmenu .has-sub:hover > .sub, .hmenu .has-sub:focus-within > .sub { display: block; }
}

/* 5. Layout: Classic Banner ----------------------------------------------- */
.layout-classic { --font-body: Charter, "Bitstream Charter", "Sitka Text", Cambria, Georgia, serif; --font-ui: var(--font-body); background: var(--bg); }
.c-banner { background: var(--pri); color: #fff; border-bottom: 4px solid var(--acc); }
.c-banner-inner { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 1.4rem; padding-top: 1.7rem; padding-bottom: 1.7rem; }
.c-logo img { display: block; max-height: 88px; width: auto; }
.c-brand { min-width: 0; }
.c-title { margin: 0; font-size: clamp(1.45rem, 3.2vw, 2.4rem); font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.12; letter-spacing: -.01em; }
.c-title a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; }
.c-issn { margin-top: .45rem; font-size: .9rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,.85); }
.c-tools { margin-left: auto; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 1.1rem; flex-shrink: 0; }
.c-search { width: 300px; }
.login-link { white-space: nowrap; font-size: .88rem; font-weight: 600; }
.c-login { color: #fff; text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: rgba(255,255,255,.5); }
.c-login:hover { color: #fff; }
.c-search input { border-color: transparent; }
.c-search button { background: var(--acc-ink); border-color: var(--acc-ink); }
.c-nav { background: var(--surface); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); box-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.02); }
.c-nav .hmenu > li > a, .c-nav .hmenu > li > .sub-toggle { display: flex; padding: .9rem 1.05rem; color: var(--ink); font-weight: 600; font-size: .98rem; }
.c-nav .hmenu > li:first-child > a { padding-left: 0; }
.c-nav .hmenu > li > a:hover, .c-nav .hmenu > li > .sub-toggle:hover { color: var(--pri); }
.c-nav .hmenu > li.active > a, .c-nav .hmenu > li.active > .sub-toggle { color: var(--pri); box-shadow: inset 0 -3px 0 var(--acc); }
.c-nav .hmenu .sub { border-top: 3px solid var(--pri); }
.c-body { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 300px; gap: 2.2rem; padding-top: 2.2rem; padding-bottom: 3.5rem; }
.c-body.no-side { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
.c-main { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--line); padding: 2.2rem 2.4rem; min-width: 0; }
.c-side .widget { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--line); }
.c-side .widget-title { margin: 0; padding: .65rem 1rem; background: var(--pri-l); color: var(--pri-d); border-bottom: 2px solid var(--pri); font-size: .98rem; }
.c-side .widget-body { padding: .9rem 1rem 1rem; }
.c-footer { background: var(--pri-d); color: rgba(255,255,255,.82); padding: 2.4rem 0 1.8rem; font-size: .93rem; }
.c-footer a { color: #fff; }
.c-footer .footer-bottom { border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.18); padding-top: 1rem; }

/* 6. Layout: Side Rail ---------------------------------------------------- */
.layout-rail { --font-body: "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Segoe UI", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; --rail: 288px; background: var(--bg); font-size: 16px; }
.layout-rail h1, .layout-rail h2, .layout-rail h3 { letter-spacing: -.01em; }
.r-mobilebar { display: none; }
.r-rail { position: fixed; inset: 0 auto 0 0; width: var(--rail); z-index: 80; display: flex; flex-direction: column; background: var(--pri-d); color: rgba(255,255,255,.88); overflow-y: auto; }
.r-brand { padding: 2.2rem 1.6rem 1.5rem; border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12); }
.r-logo img { display: block; max-height: 74px; width: auto; margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.r-title { margin: 0; font-size: 1.32rem; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2; }
.r-title a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; }
.r-issn { flex-direction: column; margin-top: .6rem; font-size: .8rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,.66); }
.r-nav { padding: .8rem 0; flex: 1; }
.vmenu a, .vmenu .sub-toggle { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; width: 100%; padding: .62rem 1.6rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,.86); font-size: .95rem; text-align: left; }
.vmenu a:hover, .vmenu .sub-toggle:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,.07); color: #fff; }
.vmenu > li.active > a, .vmenu .sub .active > a { color: #fff; background: rgba(255,255,255,.09); box-shadow: inset 4px 0 0 var(--acc); }
.vmenu .sub { display: none; padding: .2rem 0 .5rem; background: rgba(0,0,0,.16); }
.vmenu .sub a { padding-left: 2.4rem; font-size: .9rem; }
.vmenu .open > .sub { display: block; }
.r-search { margin: 0 1.6rem 1rem; }
.r-search input { background: rgba(255,255,255,.1); border-color: rgba(255,255,255,.18); color: #fff; }
.r-search input::placeholder { color: rgba(255,255,255,.6); }
.r-search button { background: var(--acc-ink); border-color: var(--acc-ink); }
.r-login { display: block; margin: 0 1.6rem .4rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,.8); }
.r-login:hover { color: #fff; }
.r-login-mobile { display: none; }
.r-publisher { margin: 0; padding: 1rem 1.6rem 1.6rem; font-size: .8rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,.6); }
.r-main { margin-left: var(--rail); min-height: 100vh; display: flex; flex-direction: column; }
.r-content { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 270px; gap: 3rem; padding: 3rem 3rem 4rem; max-width: 1260px; width: 100%; }
.r-content.no-side { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
.r-article { min-width: 0; }
.r-side .widget { background: var(--surface); padding: 1.1rem 1.2rem; border-top: 3px solid var(--acc); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05); }
.r-side .widget-title { font-size: .95rem; color: var(--pri); }
.layout-rail .art-item { padding-left: 1rem; border-left: 3px solid transparent; }
.layout-rail .art-item:hover { border-left-color: var(--acc); }
.r-footer { margin-top: auto; padding: 1.8rem 3rem; background: var(--surface); border-top: 1px solid var(--line); color: var(--muted); font-size: .9rem; }

/* 7. Layout: Open Modern -------------------------------------------------- */
.layout-modern { --font-body: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; --radius: 8px; background: var(--surface); font-size: 16.5px; }
.layout-modern h1, .layout-modern h2, .layout-modern h3 { letter-spacing: -.015em; }
.m-top { position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 70; background: rgba(255,255,255,.94); backdrop-filter: saturate(1.4) blur(8px); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.m-top-inner { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 1.5rem; min-height: 68px; }
.m-brand { flex: 0 1 auto; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: .7rem; min-width: 0; color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 700; font-size: 1.04rem; }
.m-brand:hover { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.m-brand img { height: 42px; width: auto; flex-shrink: 0; }
.m-mark { flex-shrink: 0; display: grid; place-items: center; min-width: 40px; height: 40px; padding: 0 .4rem; border-radius: 8px; background: var(--pri); color: #fff; font-size: .82rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: .03em; }
.m-brand-name { overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; max-width: 34ch; }
.m-nav { margin-left: auto; flex: 0 0 auto; }
.m-nav .hmenu { flex-wrap: nowrap; }
.m-login { flex: 0 0 auto; }
.m-login { padding: .42rem .9rem; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 6px; color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.m-login:hover { border-color: var(--pri); color: var(--pri); text-decoration: none; }
.m-nav .hmenu > li > a, .m-nav .hmenu > li > .sub-toggle { display: flex; padding: .5rem .85rem; border-radius: 6px; color: var(--muted); font-weight: 500; font-size: .95rem; }
.m-nav .hmenu > li > a:hover, .m-nav .hmenu > li > .sub-toggle:hover { color: var(--ink); background: var(--bg); }
.m-nav .hmenu > li.active > a, .m-nav .hmenu > li.active > .sub-toggle { color: var(--pri); background: var(--pri-l); }
.m-nav .hmenu .sub { left: auto; right: 0; border-radius: 10px; padding: .4rem; }
.m-nav .hmenu .sub a { border-radius: 6px; }
.m-hero { background: var(--pri); color: #fff; padding: 4.5rem 0 3.6rem; position: relative; overflow: hidden; }
.m-hero::after { content: ""; position: absolute; right: -8rem; top: -8rem; width: 26rem; height: 26rem; border: 3.5rem solid rgba(255,255,255,.06); border-radius: 50%; }
.m-hero-inner { position: relative; z-index: 1; }
.m-hero-title { color: #fff; font-size: clamp(2.2rem, 5.4vw, 3.9rem); line-height: 1.04; letter-spacing: -.03em; margin: 0 0 1.3rem; max-width: 17ch; }
.m-hero-summary { max-width: 62ch; font-size: 1.12rem; line-height: 1.6; color: rgba(255,255,255,.88); }
.m-hero-summary a { color: #fff; }
.m-hero-summary p { margin: 0 0 .8em; }
.m-hero-search { margin-top: 1.8rem; max-width: 520px; }
.m-hero-search input { border: 0; padding: .8rem 1rem; font-size: 1rem; }
.m-hero-search button { background: var(--acc-ink); border-color: var(--acc-ink); padding: 0 1.3rem; }
.m-facts { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 1rem 2.6rem; margin: 2.4rem 0 0; padding-top: 1.4rem; border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.2); }
.m-facts dt { font-size: .78rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,.78); }
.m-facts dd { margin: .15rem 0 0; font-weight: 600; }
.m-body { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 290px; gap: 3.5rem; padding-top: 3rem; padding-bottom: 4rem; }
.m-body.no-side { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
.m-main { min-width: 0; }
.m-side { position: sticky; top: 92px; align-self: start; }
.m-side .widget { padding: 1.2rem 1.3rem; background: var(--bg); border-radius: 12px; }
.m-side .widget-title { font-size: .95rem; }
.layout-modern .section-head { border-bottom: 0; }
.layout-modern .section-title { font-size: 1.55rem; }
.layout-modern .art-item { padding: 1.3rem 1.4rem; margin-bottom: .9rem; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 12px; }
.layout-modern .art-item:hover { border-color: var(--pri); }
.layout-modern .art-type { color: var(--pri); }
.layout-modern .c-main, .layout-modern .issue-tile { border-radius: 10px; }
.m-footer { background: var(--pri-d); color: rgba(255,255,255,.78); padding: 3rem 0 2rem; font-size: .92rem; }
.m-footer a { color: #fff; }
.m-footer .footer-bottom { border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16); padding-top: 1.1rem; }

/* 8. Layout: Editorial Masthead ------------------------------------------- */
.layout-editorial { --font-body: "Iowan Old Style", "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, "Book Antiqua", Georgia, serif; --font-ui: var(--font-body); --measure: 66ch; background: #fff; line-height: 1.7; }
.e-masthead { text-align: center; padding: 2.4rem 0 1.6rem; }
.e-masthead-inner { position: relative; }
.e-login { position: absolute; top: -1.2rem; right: 1.25rem; color: var(--muted); font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; }
.e-issn { justify-content: center; font-size: .86rem; color: var(--muted); font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; }
.e-logo { display: inline-block; margin-top: 1.2rem; }
.e-logo img { display: block; max-height: 96px; width: auto; }
.e-title { margin: .9rem auto .4rem; max-width: 22ch; font-size: clamp(2rem, 5.6vw, 3.7rem); font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.04; color: var(--pri-d); }
.e-title a { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; }
.e-publisher { margin: 0; font-style: italic; color: var(--muted); }
.e-nav { border-top: 4px double var(--pri); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--pri); }
.e-nav .hmenu { justify-content: center; }
.e-nav .hmenu > li > a, .e-nav .hmenu > li > .sub-toggle { display: flex; padding: .7rem 1.1rem; color: var(--ink); font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: .05em; font-size: 1.07rem; }
.e-nav .hmenu > li > a:hover, .e-nav .hmenu > li > .sub-toggle:hover, .e-nav .hmenu > li.active > a, .e-nav .hmenu > li.active > .sub-toggle { color: var(--pri); }
.e-nav .hmenu > li.active > a { text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: var(--acc); text-underline-offset: .35em; }
.e-nav .hmenu .sub { left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); text-align: center; border-color: var(--pri); }
.e-body { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 240px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 3.5rem; max-width: 1120px; padding-top: 3rem; padding-bottom: 4rem; }
.e-side { border-right: 1px solid var(--line); padding-right: 2rem; }
.e-search { margin-bottom: 2rem; }
.e-side .widget-title { font-weight: 400; font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: .05em; font-size: 1.12rem; color: var(--pri); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--pri); padding-bottom: .3rem; }
.e-main { min-width: 0; }
.layout-editorial .page-title, .layout-editorial .article-title { font-weight: 400; color: var(--pri-d); }
.layout-editorial .section-head { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--pri); }
.layout-editorial .section-title { font-weight: 400; font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: .04em; font-size: 1.4rem; }
.layout-editorial .art-title { font-weight: 400; font-size: 1.22rem; }
.layout-editorial .art-type { font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: var(--muted); }
.layout-editorial .home-summary { font-size: 1.15rem; font-style: italic; color: #3a3f47; }
.layout-editorial .issue-tile { border-top-width: 1px; border-color: var(--pri); text-align: center; }
.e-footer { border-top: 4px double var(--pri); padding: 2.4rem 0 2rem; text-align: center; color: var(--muted); font-size: .92rem; }
.e-footer .prose { margin: 0 auto 1.2rem; }
.e-footer .footer-bottom, .e-footer .issn-line { justify-content: center; }

/* 9. Layout: Boxed Portal ------------------------------------------------- */
.layout-portal { --font-body: Tahoma, Verdana, "Segoe UI", Geneva, sans-serif; --font-head: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; --radius: 3px; font-size: 15px; background-color: var(--pri-l); background-image: radial-gradient(rgba(0,0,0,.07) 1px, transparent 1px); background-size: 16px 16px; }
.p-strip { background: var(--pri-d); color: rgba(255,255,255,.85); font-size: .8rem; }
.p-strip-inner { max-width: 1200px; margin: 0 auto; padding: .45rem 1.25rem; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: .3rem 0; }
.p-mail { color: #fff; margin-left: auto; }
.p-login { color: #fff; margin-left: 1.4rem; }
.p-issn + .p-login { margin-left: auto; }
.p-frame { max-width: 1200px; margin: 0 auto 2.5rem; background: var(--surface); box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px var(--line), 0 14px 40px rgba(20, 30, 50, .1); }
.p-header { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 1.3rem; padding: 1.6rem 1.8rem; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.p-logo img { display: block; max-height: 80px; width: auto; }
.p-brand { min-width: 0; }
.p-title { margin: 0; font: 700 clamp(1.35rem, 3vw, 2.05rem)/1.15 var(--font-head); color: var(--pri); }
.p-title a { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; }
.p-publisher { margin: .3rem 0 0; color: var(--muted); font-size: .9rem; }
.p-search { margin-left: auto; width: 280px; flex-shrink: 0; }
.p-nav { background: var(--pri); color: #fff; padding: 0 1rem; }
.p-nav .hmenu > li > a, .p-nav .hmenu > li > .sub-toggle { display: flex; padding: .85rem 1.15rem; color: #fff; font-weight: 700; font-size: .9rem; border-right: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14); }
.p-nav .hmenu > li:first-child > a, .p-nav .hmenu > li:first-child > .sub-toggle { border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14); }
.p-nav .hmenu > li > a:hover, .p-nav .hmenu > li > .sub-toggle:hover { background: var(--pri-d); }
.p-nav .hmenu > li.active > a, .p-nav .hmenu > li.active > .sub-toggle { background: var(--surface); color: var(--pri); }
.p-nav .hmenu .sub { border-top: 3px solid var(--acc); }
.p-body { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 265px minmax(0, 1fr); }
.p-body.no-side { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
.p-side { padding: 1.4rem 1.2rem; background: #fafbfc; border-right: 1px solid var(--line); }
.p-side .widget { border: 1px solid var(--line); background: var(--surface); margin-bottom: 1.1rem; }
.p-side .widget-title { margin: 0; padding: .55rem .85rem; background: var(--pri); color: #fff; font: 700 .86rem/1.3 var(--font-body); border-left: 4px solid var(--acc); }
.p-side .widget-body { padding: .8rem .85rem; font-size: .88rem; }
.p-main { padding: 2rem 2.2rem 2.6rem; min-width: 0; }
.layout-portal .section-head { background: var(--pri-l); border-bottom: 0; border-left: 4px solid var(--pri); padding: .5rem .8rem; }
.layout-portal .section-title { font-size: 1.15rem; color: var(--pri-d); }
.layout-portal .art-title { font-family: var(--font-head); }
.layout-portal .page-title { color: var(--pri); }
.p-footer { background: #262b33; color: rgba(255,255,255,.75); padding: 1.8rem 1.8rem 1.4rem; font-size: .85rem; }
.p-footer a { color: #fff; }
.p-footer .footer-bottom { border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14); padding-top: .9rem; }

/* 10. Small screens ------------------------------------------------------- */
@media (max-width: 1100px) {
  .r-content { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); padding: 2.4rem 2rem 3rem; }
  .r-footer { padding: 1.6rem 2rem; }
}
@media (max-width: 900px) {
  body { font-size: 16px; }
  .nav-toggle { display: inline-flex; }
  .hmenu { display: none; flex-direction: column; padding-bottom: .6rem; }
  .nav-open .hmenu { display: flex; }
  .hmenu > li > a, .hmenu > li > .sub-toggle { width: 100%; }
  .hmenu .sub { position: static; box-shadow: none; border: 0; border-left: 2px solid var(--line); margin: 0 0 .4rem 1rem; min-width: 0; padding: 0; transform: none; text-align: left; background: transparent; }
  .hmenu .sub a { color: inherit; }
  .hmenu .sub { width: auto; max-width: none; }
  .article-meta .meta-doi { grid-column: auto; }

  .c-banner-inner { flex-wrap: wrap; padding-top: 1.2rem; padding-bottom: 1.2rem; }
  .c-tools { width: 100%; margin-left: 0; }
  .c-search { flex: 1; width: auto; min-width: 0; }
  .c-nav .hmenu > li:first-child > a { padding-left: 1.05rem; }
  .c-body { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); padding-top: 1.2rem; }
  .c-main { padding: 1.4rem 1.2rem; }

  .r-mobilebar { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 1rem; position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 70; padding: 0 1.1rem; background: var(--pri-d); color: #fff; }
  .r-login-mobile { display: inline; margin-left: auto; color: #fff; }
  .r-mobile-title { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; font-weight: 700; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; }
  .r-rail { transform: translateX(-100%); transition: transform .25s ease; }
  .nav-open .r-rail { transform: none; box-shadow: 0 0 40px rgba(0,0,0,.35); }
  .nav-overlay { display: none; position: fixed; inset: 0; z-index: 75; background: rgba(0,0,0,.4); }
  .nav-open .nav-overlay { display: block; }
  .r-main { margin-left: 0; }
  .r-content { padding: 1.6rem 1.1rem 2.4rem; gap: 2rem; }
  .r-footer { padding: 1.4rem 1.1rem; }

  .m-top-inner { flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0 1rem; }
  .m-top .nav-toggle { order: 3; }
  .m-login { order: 2; padding: .35rem .7rem; }
  .m-nav { order: 4; flex: 1 1 100%; }
  .m-nav .hmenu { flex-wrap: wrap; }
  .m-nav { width: 100%; margin: 0; }
  .m-brand { flex: 1 1 0; }
  .m-brand-name { max-width: none; }
  .m-hero { padding: 2.8rem 0 2.4rem; }
  .m-body { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 2rem; padding-top: 2rem; }
  .m-side { position: static; }

  .e-login { position: static; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: .6rem; }
  .e-nav .wrap { text-align: center; }
  .e-nav .nav-toggle { margin: 0 auto; }
  .e-nav .hmenu > li > a, .e-nav .hmenu > li > .sub-toggle { justify-content: center; }
  .e-body { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 2rem; padding-top: 2rem; }
  .e-side { order: 2; border-right: 0; padding-right: 0; border-top: 4px double var(--pri); padding-top: 1.6rem; }

  .p-header { flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 1.2rem; }
  .p-search { width: 100%; margin-left: 0; }
  .p-nav { padding: 0 1rem; }
  .p-nav .hmenu > li > a, .p-nav .hmenu > li > .sub-toggle { border: 0 !important; padding: .7rem .2rem; }
  .p-nav .hmenu > li.active > a { background: transparent; color: #fff; text-decoration: underline; }
  .p-body { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
  .p-side { order: 2; border-right: 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
  .p-main { padding: 1.4rem 1.2rem 2rem; }
  .p-frame { margin-bottom: 0; }
}
@media (pointer: coarse) {
  .btn-sm { padding: .5em .95em; }
  .hmenu .sub a, .vmenu a, .vmenu .sub-toggle { padding-top: .75rem; padding-bottom: .75rem; }
}
@media (max-width: 640px) {
  .prose table { display: block; overflow-x: auto; }
  .article-pager { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .pager-next { grid-column: auto; text-align: left; }
}
@media (max-width: 480px) {
  .wrap { padding: 0 1rem; }
  .article-actions .btn { flex: 1; justify-content: center; }
  .art-actions .btn { flex: 1; justify-content: center; max-width: 12rem; }
  .issue-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }
  .page-search, .search-form { width: 100%; }
}
@media print {
  .c-banner, .c-nav, .c-side, .r-rail, .r-mobilebar, .r-side, .m-top, .m-side, .e-nav, .e-side, .p-strip, .p-nav, .p-side, .art-actions, .article-actions, .article-pager, .back-to-issue, .login-link, .search-form, footer, .notice, .js-only { display: none !important; }
  .r-main { margin: 0; }
  body { background: #fff; }
}